Control of the Cranio-Cervical plan During Feeding in Birds' SYNOPSiS.

Control of the Cranio-Cervical plan During Feeding in Birds'

SYNOPSiS. The avian neck is a involved kinematically redundant system, which plays a character during inter alia food prehension and manipulation. Kinematical analysis displays that chickens (Gallus domesticus) prompt their vertebrae according to a geometric principle that maximizes angular rotation efficiency. The manner of moving pattern shows simultaneous rotations in near joints, while not in the others. Anseri-- former indicate a pattern of successive, rather than simultaneous rotations in the rostral part of the neck A kinematical mould indicates that the geometric principle bring into views an anseriform-like pattern only if a constraint upon the movement of the caudal vertebrae is introduced. The hardness of this constraint, required for a realistic simulation, is related to the amount of hold out in the long dorsal neck muscles (M biventer and M longus colli dorsalis), which have a different configuration in Anseriformes compared to the chicken. To investigate whether the difference in move pattern is a result of differences in anatomy sole or also of differences in neuromotor patterns, the EMG-patterns of the neck muscles of the mallard and chicken during drinking and pecking were studied. Considerable overlap in the activity of antagonists is raise in mallards, but not in chickens. Muscles in the rostral part of the neck are activated successively in mallards, yet simultaneously in chickens. We bring to an end that the difference in motion patterning between chickens and Anseriformes, consequence s from both a difference in the sway system of the neck, and a difference in the anatomy. The anseriform pattern is raise in water as well as in succession land, which suggests that neck mental action in both environments is controll by dint of the same neuromotor patterns. The modifications in motor check system and anatomy of the Anseriformes may have evolv as an adaptation to aquatic feeding, since the anseriform pattern is energetically more beneficial in an aquatic environment than in succession land.

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We like to thank Peter Snelderwaard for all the help during the experiments and operations, Peter Mulken for the photographic work, and the members of the Evolutionary Morphology collection at Leiden University for their useful make comments [i]or[/i] remarkss and discussions. Michael Alfaro and Anthony Herrel are thanked for the invitation to write this review. The SICB and Leids Universiteits dotings Leiden, The Netherlands, provided funding for the contribution to the SICB symposium.

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